WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN
Under
D.P.A.P.
(Drought Prone Area Development Programme)
For
Pitrasen Watershed
Block – Thalisen
Pauri Garhwal, Uttranchal
Implementing Agency
Parvatiya Jan Kalyan Sansthan
Niranjanibag, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand
Ph – 91-1346-250202, E.mail – pjks_org@yahoo.com
D.P.A.P. Programme for Pitrasen Watershed
· Name of the watershed – Pitrasen
· Tahsil – Thalisen
· Block – Thalisen
· Maximum altitude – 1810 msl
· Minimum altitude – 1260 msl
· Minimum Temperature – 1.0 degree centigrade
· Maximum Temperature – 32 degree centigrade
· Aspect – North-East
· Climate – Temperate to sub temperate
· Rain fall – 1250 mm per year
· Snow fall – Nil
· Humidity – 10-30
Objectives of the Programme
The objectives under DPAP programme are:-
v To recharge the perennial springs and streams through apply rainwater-harvesting implementation as catch water pit, ponds and plantation of suitable species in the watershed area.
v To develop maximum fodder for the animal in watershed through promotes vegetation cover.
v To operationalised the soil and water conservation measures for the protection of soil erosion.
v To develop the waste and drought area on the basis of its fertility and the pattern with its boundary into water conservation based activities
v To develop and promote the socio-economical condition of the watershed community
v To make efforts for the decreasing effects of the drought on animals, agriculture and the integrated development of the watershed.
v To regain the Ecological balance by introducing developmental programmes based on water, soil and biomass.
v To motivate the villagers for: -
Development of natural resources through proper management and planning for the developmental activities with in the watershed area.
Through introducing the latest technologies for the economical and social up gradation with in the community make a dent in same status.
To develop the income generations activities for the local community by using local produce, land, traditional skills and also the available natural resources.
Introduction – General Description of Watershed
Location of the Watershed.
The watershed lies geographically between 20-23’ and 30-25’ North latitude and between 78-4’ and 78-6’ East longitude, at a distance of about 14km north of Thalisen, on Ram Nagar- Pauri national highway.
Area and elevation.
Total area of the watershed is about 500 ha. Elevation varies from 1260 to 1,810 mts. above mean sea level.
Physiography.
The watershed lies southern aspect of outermost Himalayan Range. The configuration conforms in general to uniform steep slopes (average being 50%), with some locally confined precipitous and gently flattening locations. Entire watershed is covered with deep gullies and occurrence of land slips is quite perceptible.
Climate
The watershed lies in sub-tropical zone. The average annual rainfall is about 1250 mm. Monsoon normally break in the middle of June to September. Winter rains are generally intermittent and mild. Winter rains, however, are of low intensity and cause no runoff.
Temperature.
May and June are the hottest months, recording average maximum temperature 38o C. December and January months, account for lowest temperatures of 1o -3 oC.
Soils:
Soils are generally gravelly to very gravely silty loams and silty clay loams. On account of steep slopes of terrain, the general soil depth except in well-wooded and well-terraced area is shallow to medium. Soils are generally low in nitrogen and phosphorus and medium in respect of potash. pH generally varied from 5.5 to 6.0.
Natural vegetation:
The habitat factor in the watershed favor luxuriant moist deciduous vegetation except on the southern and southwestern aspect where the vegetation gets sparse. Various biotic factor i.e deforestation, excessive lopping, overgrazing and browsing etc. have destroyed the economic species and left scrub vegetation in the most of area.
Agriculture, Horticulture and Farm Forestry
The crop cultivated in the watershed are – paddy, maize, fingermillent (mandua) Jhingora, blackgram, sesame (til), ginger in kharif and wheat toria, Bengal gram, bursin, barley, lentil in rabbi. Common horticulture fruits trees in watershed are mango, guava. Under farm forestry the local community mostly grows the different species of the Citrus.
Human and cattle population:
Population is rather sparse and it is chiefly distributed along the national high way road and around agriculture field.
Socio economic condition
The socio economic condition of people is poor. The per capita holding of Agriculture land is only 0.02 ha. The entire population depends upon agriculture for their survival. Taking into consideration of low crop yield, socio economic condition of the people is distressing. The agricultural land is rain fed and are either occasionally cropped, or single cropped. They have very poor livestock.
Demographic Details
Present Land use
The area has been surveyed and the present land use is as given in Hac.
|
Agricultural land |
Forest land |
Degraded land |
|
259 |
283 |
99.35
|
Cropping Pattern
|
Cropping Pattern |
Area (%) |
|
Rain fed area |
15 |
|
Occasional cropping |
5.0 |
|
Single Cropping |
22.5 |
|
Double Cropping |
24.5 |
|
Occasionally irrigated area |
12.0 |
|
Total Cultivated area |
28.5 hac. |
The problems and needs of the people
Soil and water conservation problems. The watershed is located on hill slopes of outer Himalayan range. High slopes coupled with high annual rainfall and denudation due to biotic interference, have caused serious soil and water conservation problems in cultivated lands and in forest areas.
Problems of agricultural lands.
(a) Erosion. Agriculture lands are located on slopes varying from 10-33% with terracing. The terraces are well maintained only in class lll lands, where paddy is cultivated. Major area is under single and occasional cropping. These terraces need maintenance and protection.
(b) Management. The farmer’s practices traditional agriculture of scientific farming. Land is kept fallow in kharif without any valid reason. Local varieties are grown, which take long duration and yield poorly.
(c) Water management. Whenever paddy is taken, water from hill streams is conveyed to these fields through channels, which are locally known as ‘guhls’. These channels are not lined. Hence, conveyance losses are heavy and the channels are get damaged very often. These channels provide irrigation to paddy lands only for a short period after cessation of monsoon. There are one or two storage tanks for paddy lands but there is no system of conveyance of water from one terrace to another terrace. Storage of rainwater in soil profile is a problem, because of high porosity of soil.
(d) Flooding and sedimentation. Since the water is drawn through improvised channels from seasonal streams, even a minor flood during high intensity washes away the improvised tapping structure. After the flood has passed away, the structure has to be repaired to maintain the channel flow.
Hazard of flooding and sedimentation in agricultural land is not there, as they are located at higher elevation, mostly away from seasonal streams.
Problem of forest Land:
(a) Erosion: As a result of destruction of protective cover there is severe erosion and high runoff.
(b) Management: there is no management practices have been done of the forest area of watershed.
(c) Any other factor: As a result of useful species are very badly dealt with, natural regeneration is absent and many economic species like the Terminalia and Anogeissus latifolia have disappeared from the area. There is no management for restocking by artificial regeneration either.
Need of the People:
Food, Fodder, and fuel Because of poor yield due to primitive management, agriculture land do not meet the food and fodder requirement of the people and their cattle in the watershed.
According to an estimate a family of 6 needs at least 11 tones of good fuel wood per year. One cattle unit requires 8 kg of green leaf fodder and 12 kg of green forage grasses and legumes per day for optimum health and productivity i.e 7 – ½ tones / year.
Special Problem The watershed has the problem of torrents, land – slides, mine- spoil areas and roadside erosion.
Grass Land and pastures. No separate area is allotted for this because it is no possible to manage grazing strictly according to carrying capacity without which the grassland and pastures, if raised at great expenses, would deteriorate.
Farm forestry: The most important species like Grewia oppositifolia,and Boehmeria rugulosa may be plated along the terraces riser at auniform sapcing of 7m.
Orchard The local verities like mango, jackfruit, malta, papiya, may be raise with good management practices i.e irrigation, fertlizer, plant protection etc on the terraces.
Special Problem areas:
v Stabilization of landslide,
v Stream bank protection
v Gully control is a must to check erosion
v Protect the forest,
v Horticulture and agriculture.
Watershed Management Programme
Under
D.P.A.P.
3. Healths’ and Sanitation
As the project area is a hilly region where sanitation is a very big problem. For improving health and sanitation in the project area the organisation have planned to construct low cost latrines for the people who are below poverty line so that waste related of the human excreta can be reduced.
4. Nursery Development
As in hilly area of Uttaranchal people are not very much interested to grow traditional crop like Manduwa, Jhangora and Kuluth so it resulted the extinction of traditional species and some of them have become endangered. So in this context PJKS has planned to take initiative in order to conserve these species by development of Nurseries and Poly houses.
The organisation will develop nursery in order to provide seedling of various species of medicinal plants, fruits and fodder species for social forestry.
5. Promotion of Traditional System of Medicine (Cultivation of Medicinal Plant)
The climate of hilly area of Uttaranchal is very much favourable for the cultivation of medicinal plant. The species like Sarphgandha, Ashwagandha, Safed Musli, Kali jeeri, Harar, Amwla, Kalihari, Pasan Bhdehi were used by Traditional Healers/Vaidyas for the ailment of various diseases. PJKS has been working on Medicinal Plant since last 14 years, so based on years of experience the organisation wants to initiates and to promote cultivation of medicinal plant in the watershed.
The cultivation of medicinal plants is good alternative to uplift the economy of women and marginalised farmers so for cultivation of medicinal plant the team will established Nurseries and Ploy House that will serve as mother stock for supplying seedling of various species of Medicinal Plant. The PJKS will create an awareness programme for cultivation of medicinal plant through organizing Workshop and Seminars on medicinal plant and provide training for cultivation of Medicinal Plant and planting material, seeds for the cultivation of the medicinal plant.
The organisation planned to provide proper marketing channel for national marketing to growers so that the beneficiaries would be able to do marketing on individual basis.
The organisation will motivate the Traditional Vaidyas/ Gunnies in order to provide traditional practices for treatments of various diseases, compilation and documentation will be done on traditional knowledge of Vaidyas regarding uses and importance of medicinal plant for ailments of various diseases.
6. Horticulture Development
The variation in climate, altitude and soil is most suitable for every kind of fruits and vegetables. Horticulture is the technology for producing fruit and vegetation and to use it as for commercial purposes for economic benefit. Under horticulture development the organisation is will developed a nursery for development of various citrus species like Sweet Lemon, Lemon (Kagji), Lemon ( Barahmasi), Malta, Galgal, Kinnoo, Orange etc are successfully cultivated so that there would be a good scope for Food Processing Unit and Pickel Unit that would be employment generation programme for women. Women of village will be encourage to for horticulture development for this organisation will provide planting material of various citrus species to beneficiaries.
7. Social Forestry / Plantation Programme
The activities include mass plantation in the area with the active participation of local community to control landslides and erosions, by introducing various species of trees. Or in other words, the objective of the forestry plantation programme would be lower down the burden of women folk in their work related to fuel and fodder collection from the far off forest so that the ecological balance in the area would maintained area of the village wasteland was taken up under forestry program.
9. Study on water shortage and their impacts on socio-economic condition
Although Uttaranchal is a source of many perennial and non-perennial river but scarcity of water is found here in maximum rate. In project area Pauri District the women of the villages have to walk at least 5 to 10 km per day in search of drinking water and irrigation method is totally dependent on rainwater. The natural springs are drying day by day due to natural calamities and due to man made causes that is overexploitation of forest resources. So for improving the socio- economic condition of the villages in Pauri District the organisation planned to improvement in supply water for drinking and irrigation purposes by constructing water discharging pipes and Canal through connecting Canal and pipes with naturals springs through participatory approach. The organisation will encouraged to local people to improve the water supply with their own effort by constructing Check Dams, Water Harvesting Tank (traditionally called Chaal), Rainwater Harvesting Tank and Regeneration of Natural Springs.
10. Construction of Check Dams for checking erosion/ landslides
The problems of Landslide, Soil Erosion and Flash Flood are common that is usually seen in district Pauri Garhwal. The affected areas will be identified where the land had been degraded and restoration of degraded land will done through Agronomic, Agro-historical and Engineering Practices.
Check Dams will be constructed along the landslide and soil erosion prone areas. Overexploitation of natural resources and a high degree of carrying capacity are the factors responsible for landslides and soil erosion in the area.
11. Supporting Agricultural production
In the hilly areas water as a resource is very limited and is a major component of the human consumption and agricultural farming. Agriculture is purely dependent on the monsoon/ precipitation in the form of rainfall. So the organization together with the community will have design and construct different Fresh water Reserve Tank, Traditional Water Harvesting Tanks (Chahal) and other Ferro cement tanks at the source and at outlet points of the major springs for supplying water for irrigation purposes in the agricultural fields through the mini and long canals especially in the summer days. So the agriculture production will be efficiently maintained due to the regular supply of water.
12. Construction of Rain Water Harvesting Structure
Under this programme the team had planned to construct Rain Water Harvesting Structure in that villages where the inadequate supply of water is found. The system includes a tank, filter unit, channel to lead water from the roof to the tank withdraw water from tank. The water of this tank can be use for drinking purposes and irrigation purposes.
13. Livestock Development
The women’s economy of villages of Pauri district is largely dependent on animal husbandry but the production of milk per milch animal is very low. So it is necessary to provide such kind of breed which production of milk is very good.
To improve the breed of local buffaloes it is decided to provide buffalo bull in the area, which will give result after 3-4 years. Villagers will be encouraged to open the dairy that is also good mean for strengthen of economy.
14. Agriculture Development
The team will introduced improved varieties of crops like maize, hybrid jowar, Wheat, cotton, hybrid Bajara, Beans, Horsegram, Cow pea in between community for development of agricultural practices.
Ø Training programs to the farmers for the cultivation of the agricultural crops.
Ø Practical training for the farmers on the cultivation of the various citrus species and other horticulture species.
Ø Farmers will be encouraged to grow cash crop and to cultivate medicinal plants in their agricultural land.
Ø Field visit of agricultural scientists to the project area with demonstrations of different aspects of the sustainable agriculture.
Ø Farmers will be motivated to use bio – fertilizer in their land in order to achieve the goal of sustainable agricultural development.
15. Vegetable Cultivation
These people will also incorporated with horticulture plants for supplementing their income. Species of walnuts, almond and other cash crops will introduce in the project site. As a result of the good soil quality with optimum humus content and a favorable climatic condition, the cultivated crops and vegetables were quite promising leading to a better economic condition of the local farmers who are a part of the beneficiaries. Traditional crops are non-viable in the area and could not be sufficient to fulfill the food requirement of inhabitants even for 3-4 months. Some vegetable crops such as chilies, onion, tomato, potato, peas, beans, French bean, brinjal etc. will be cultivated in the area on a large scale.
16. Analysis and Monitoring Water quality and Practices for water Treatment
Aided natural recharge experiments have been done in catchment area identified by exploration through various methods like contour trenches, planting grasses and dense plantation. The Plantation of trees in and around the sources of springs and other waste land areas will be carried out to increase water holding capacity and fixing water harvesting structures with the aim of improving sub- soil water level The springs that has been dried may be regenerate through plantation in and around area of drying springs so in this way drying spring can be regenerate efficiently. Especially the species of Quercus (Q. leucotricofolia) Oak were planted on a massive scale as an ideal water recharging species. Even the quality of the water was improved due to the optimum content of lime.
The natural fertility of soil is deteriorating day by day with the excessive use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Organic farming is the pathway that leads us to live in harmony with nature. This farming system involves two major aspects.
The major aims of organic farming are:
1. To work as much as possible within a closed system and draw upon local resources.
2. To maintain the long-term fertility of the soil and avoid all forms of pollution caused by agricultural techniques.
3. To maintain the rural environment and also preserve non-agricultural ecological habitats.
20. Supervision and Monitoring
PJKS will supervise and monitor the whole activities as per the norms and standard establish by the ministry of Rural development. MPR and QPR also be the responsibility of the organisation that the time schedule will also be maintained.
Annexure
Community Level Work Plan
And
Analysis of Rates
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0-28 |
4-00 |
0-20 |
4-00 |
0-26 |
& |
& |
20-00 |
1-20 |
0-060 |
|
|
;ksx |
|
|
|
8-00 |
0-46 |
0-28 |
4-00 |
0-20 |
4-00 |
0-26 |
& |
& |
20-00 |